Also, /θ/ is more strongly aspirated than /ð/, as can be demonstrated by holding a hand a few centimeters in front of the mouth and noticing the differing force of the puff of air created by the articulatory process.Īs with many English consonants, a process of assimilation can result in the substitution of other speech sounds in certain phonetic environments. There is a difference of energy (see: Fortis and lenis), the fortis /θ/ being pronounced with more muscular tension than the lenis /ð/. However, the two phonemes are also distinguished by other phonetic markers. The difference between /θ/ and /ð/ is normally described as a voiceless–voiced contrast, as this is the aspect native speakers are most aware of. Air forced between tongue surface and cutting edge of the upper teeth (interdental) or inside surface of the teeth (dental) creates audible frictional turbulence. Lip configuration may vary depending on phonetic context. These two positions may be in free variation, but for some speakers they are in complementary distribution, the position behind the teeth being used when the dental fricative stands in proximity to an alveolar fricative / s/ or / z/, as in myths ( /θs/) or clothes ( /ðz/). Both are pronounced either interdentally, with the blade of the tongue resting against the lower part of the back of the upper teeth and the tip protruding slightly, or with the tip of the tongue against the back of the upper teeth. In standard English, the phonetic realization of the dental fricative phonemes shows less variation than for many other English consonants. In compound words, ⟨th⟩ may be a consonant sequence rather than a digraph, as in the /t.h/ of ligh thouse. More rarely, it can stand for /t/ ( Thailand, Thomas) or the cluster /tθ/ ( eigh th). In English, the digraph ⟨th⟩ represents in most cases one of two different phonemes: the voiced dental fricative /ð/ (as in this) and the voiceless dental fricative /θ/ ( thing). For the distinction between, / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
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